Joining ideas
The small words that are neither nouns nor verbs — and, but, then, anyway — and that carry most of the work in real speech.
A1
- Window words: the small words that carry a conversation
Y, o, pero, también, antes, después, ahora. Not nouns, not verbs, and doing more work in real speech than either. Including why y sometimes becomes e.
B1
- Ya, ya no, todavía, todavía no: the four combinations
Ya is "already" or "right now", ya no is "not anymore", todavía is "still" and todavía no is "not yet". Four boxes, and what Peru does with ya.
B2
- The words Peruvians actually connect sentences with
O sea, igual, la verdad, nada que ver, en todo caso. The markers that make speech sound spoken, what each one signals, and which to use first.
- Spanish relative pronouns: que does most of the work
Que covers people and things and nearly every sentence. Quien, el que and el cual have narrow jobs, and cuyo barely exists in speech.
- Reported speech in Spanish: dijo que and the backshift
Turning what someone said into dijo que: which tense moves back, what happens to hoy and mañana, and when Peruvians leave the present alone.